Venezuela
Hospodářství
Venezuela je zemědělsko-průmyslový stát s významnou těžbou nerostných surovin. Nejdůležitější jsou ropa, zemní plyn, kvalitní železná ruda, bauxit, zlato, uhlí, diamanty, sůl, fosfáty a vápenec. Nejvýznamějším průmyslovým odvětvím je petrochemie, následují hutnictví, výroba surového železa, oceli a hliníku, strojírenství a potravinářství. Tři čtvrtiny elektrické energie produkují vodní elektrárny. Pro rostlinou výrobu je důležitá sklizeň rýže, kukuřice, sorga, manioku, slunečnice, brambor, lustěniny, bavlny, kokosových ořechů, cukrové třtiny, banánů, citrusů, manga, ananasů, kávy, kakaa, tabáku, sisalu a zeleniny. Chová se skot, prasata, drůbež a koně. Význam má rybolov i těžba dřeva. Země má důležitou silniční a leteckou dopravu. Významné je obchodní loďstvo.
Geografie
Území Venezuely můžeme rozdělit do tří oblastí. Na severozápadě jsou to Andy, kde se také nachází nejvyšší hora Venezuely Pico Bolívar (4 979 m). Mezi nimi je položena hluboká tektonická poklesová oblast s jezerem Lago de Maracaibo a rozlehlou Maracaibskou nížinou. Severovýchodně od Cord. de Mérida se táhne douhé pásmo Karibských And. Na jih od řeky Orinoco se rozprostíra Guyanská vysočina. Je to rozsáhlá parovina s ojedinělými svědeckými vrchy. Mezi oběma celky se prostírá Orinocká nížina s plošinou Llanos. Nejvýznamější řekou Venezuely je Orinoco, jehož pravé přítoks překonávají v místech, kde opouští Guyanskou vysočinu, výškové rozdíly pomocí vodopádů. Ve Venezuele je nejvyšší vodopád světa Salto de Ángel a měří 979 metrů. Největšími přítoky Orinoka jsou Caroni, Apure a Meta. Významné je limanové jezero Maracaibo. Klima Venezuely je subekvatoriální horké s deštivým létem a suchou zimou. V Maracaibu je průměrná roční teplota 29°C. 570 mm srážek za rok, výše položená Mérida 18,5°C, 1 750 mm, Caracas 20°C, Santa Elena v Guyanské vysočině 23°C a 1 600 mm.
Historie
V roce 1498 objevil pobřeží Kryštof Kolumbus a od 20 let 16. století začali kolonizovat venezuelské území Španělé. V 16. až 18. století bylo součástí generálního kapitanátu Nová Granada. Dne 5. července 1811 byla deklarována nezávislost Spojených států venezuelských. Roku 1819 se stala Venezuela součástí Velké Kolumbie. Z ní vystoupila a v roce 1830 se prohlásila samostatnou republikou.
Obyvatelstvo
Obyvatelstvo je z 67% tvořeno mestici, z 21% potomky Evropanů, z 10% potomky Afričanů a ze 2% domorodými obyvateli. Žije zde přibližně 200.000 Indiánů, zbytků společenstev, která se stále živí lovem a sběrem. Obyvatelstvo je především římskokatolického (96%) a protestantského vyznání.
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